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1) Critics of the culture of poverty thesis point out that________________? a. the poor simply do not want the same things that other members of society want b. the poor have had their access to achievement blocked by the social order c. the theory is too cultural and fails to take into account psychological implications d. not enough research has been done to come to any meaningful conclusion
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2) Life chances are________________? a. the magnitude and manner of consumption of goods and services. b. the likelihood that individuals and groups will enjoy desired goods and services experiences and opportunities for living long and healthy lives c. the respect admiration and recognition associated with a social status d. the view that the poor possess self- perpetuating lifeways
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3) Which method of identifying social classes views social class as a statistical category formed by sociologists or statisticians or statisticians on the basis of income occupation education or some combination of these ? a. the combined approach b. the reputational method c. the self-placement method d. the objective method
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4) Economic standing includes______________? a. wealth that which people own (have) b. job security c. both a and b d. none of the above
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5) A system in which people have great difficulty changing their status is called a(n) ______________? a. objectified system b. social differentiation c. open system d. closed system
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6) Stratified sample falls under______________? a. probability sampling design b. non-probability sampling design c. multi-stage sample design d. None of these
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7) What is the idea that racism pervades all of society’s structures in a systematic way called ? a. new racism b. cultural racism c. ethnocentrism d. institutional racism
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8) A minority group is one that is both disadvantaged and_______________? a. has some sense of collective or group solidarity? b. numerically small compared to the main social group c. identifiably different from others in a society d. holds views contrary to the social norm
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9) The process of turning the class concept into something measurable is called_____________? a. operational research b. modus operandum c. operationalization d. operant conditioning
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10) According to Wright some class locations are contradictory because______________? a. their holders do not believe in the notion of class b. they share features of the positions above and below them c. there is disagreement about how to interpret them d. they are impossible for sociologists to measure and classify
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11) Arlie Hochschild,s The Managed Heart is an influential application of_____________? a. emotional labor b. symbolic interactionism c. social action d. symbiosis
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12) Which of the following is NOT associated with functionalism ? a. Talcott Parsons b. Ralf Dahrendorf c. Emile Durkheim d. Robert Merton
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13) Marx said that the development of the labor movement through factory-based production would turn the working class into____________? a. a class in itself b. a-class by itself c. a class for itself d. a ruling class
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14) Mass-society theory suggests that_______________? a. the content of the media is determined by market forces b. the subordinate classes are dominated by the ideology of the ruling class c. the media manipulate the masses as vulnerable passive consumers d. audiences make selective interpretations of media messages
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15) Weber defined a class situation as____________? a. the exploitation of the working class by their capitalist employers b. a social groups consciousness of their status and life chances c. a person’s position in the capital product and labor markets based on their economic resources d. the lifestyle of a social class as defined by patterns of consumption
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16) The capitalist class of the mid-twentieth century were said to join the upper class because them___________? a. Participated in the same leisure pursuits and events of the social calendar b. emulated the lifestyle and cultural values of the traditional aristocracy c. owned companies and financial assets that generated wealth through corporations d. had direct personal ownerships of land and businesses as physical assets
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17) When sociologists study the structure of layers in society and people’s movement between them they call this____________? a. social stratification b. social control c. social conflict d. social solidarity
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18) Social relations are directly proportional to_____________? a. social Class b. Social status c. Caste system d. None of these
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19) Global studies indicate that one_______________ of all women have been beaten coerced into sex, or otherwise physically abused in their lifetime? a. half b. third c. quarter d. tenth
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20) socialization in children takes place___________? a. In the same class b. among the children of different classes c. between lower and middle classes d. both a and c
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21) The determinants of social class are______________? a. Birth b. Money c. Education and occupation d. All of above
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22) A stratum of people of similar positions in the social status continuum are termed as_____________? a. Social class b. clan or tribe c. Community d. None of these
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23) The word stratification derives from the geological concept “Strata “meaning ? a. class b. groups c. Rock layers d. None of these
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24) Resistance to certain aspects of development and social change in an effort to neutralize their efforts is called________________? a. countermovement b. social amelioration c. counter modernization d. countenance e. post modernization
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25) Principles such as efficiency calculability and predictability are all part of what Ritzer called____________? a. McDonaldization b. post-modernization c. the service industry d. the culture of commerce e. post-industrialization
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26) Which of the following was not identified as a major theoretical perspective on social change ? a. Functional theory b. interactionist theory c. Conflict theory d. Cyclical theory e. Evolutionary theory
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27) _____________ is the term commonly used to describe the early days of a social movement characterized by a general mood of discontent ? a. Bureaucratization b. Decline c. Coalescence d. Incipience e. Arousal
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28) What approach focuses on the ever-changing relationship over time between social movements and macro-level economic and political systems ? a. Globalization b. Political Process c. Postmodernism d. Linear Evolutionary e. Counter-modernization
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29) ________ usually last longer are better organized more goal-oriented and have a longer lasting impact than fads or crazes ? a. Social movements b. Developments c. Conventions d. Hysterias e. Protests
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30) Rumors about a bizarre event that supposedly happened to someone far removed from the individual telling the story are often called_______________? a. legendary tales b. urban legends c. sports legends d. schoolyard tales e. rural legends
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31) Unverified information that is passed on from person to person is called a______________? a. metaphor b. contagion c. convention d. rumor e. gossip
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32) Emergent norm theory argues that collective behavior arises when expectations regarding how to act are_____________? a. clear b. explicit c. encouraged d. vague e. repeated
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33) Early theories of collective behavior emphasized ________ a view that crowd behavior is like a mental illness that a person cannot resist ? a. contagion b. convention c. group thinks d. expressiveness e. reformation
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34) Which of the following describes a central change in contemporary life that has been identified by futurists ? a. The United States is being restructured from an agrarian to an industrial society b. Modern societies are increasingly shifting from a national to a global economy c. High tech industries are becoming energy-and materials-intensive d. all of the above
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35) According to contagion theory the “mob mind” develops through_____________? a. imitation suggestibility and circular reaction b. precipitating factors structural strain and structural conduciveness c. norms of the status quo emergent norms and new norms d. fashions fads and crazes
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36) Among the approaches that seek to explain the causes of social movements which one states that revolutions are most likely to take place when a prolonged period of social and economic betterment is followed by a period of sharp reversal ? a. the resource mobilization approach b. the deprivation approaches c. the capitalist collapse approach d. none of the above
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37) The value-added model of collective behavior ? a. presents three preconditions for collective behavior b. states that each determinant expands the range of potential final outcomes c. is of little use in understanding the complexity of collective behavior. d. none of the above
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38) Mass hysteria ? a. involves contained anxiety b. is usually associated with some mysterious force c. never involves physical symptoms d. none of the above
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39) Which of the following is an accurate statement about rumors ? a. Rumors are effective ways to disseminate reliable information b. Rumors are easy to verify c. Rumors are transmitted from person to person in a relatively rapid fashion d. Rumors typically arise when people trust official sources of information
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40) ________ is the process by which a society moves from traditional to industrial social and economic arrangements? a. Development b. Evolution c. Modernization d. Social change
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41) Marx saw conflict between ________ as the primary source of social change ? a. classes b. ethnic groups c. nations d. religions
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42) Cultural lag________________? a. refers to new forms of social disintegration b. is the adjustment gap between material and nonmaterial culture? c. occurs when the dominant group forces change upon the subordinate group which lags behind d. is society’s way of avoiding the social problems that ensue from social change
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43) Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding evolutionary perspectives on social change ? a. Lenski argues that evolution depends largely on changes in a society’s level of technology and made of economic production b. Social Darwinists like Spencer see evolution as inevitably leading to the downfall of society c. Contemporary approaches take a unilinear view of evolution and assume all change equals progress d. Parsons suggested that societies tend become simpler over time
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44) _________ refers to the fundamental alterations in the patterns of culture structure and social behavior over time ? a. cultural lag b. diffusion c. social change d. modernization
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45) A person is consciously motive primarily by his_______________? a. Social values b. Real traits c. Picture of himself d. None of these
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46) The four principles of McDonaldization are_____________? a. efficiency calculability affordability consistent decor b. efficiency calculability uniformity automation c. efficiency dehumanization automation high calories d. efficiency Big Mac large fries’ milkshake
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47) Sociologists like Bordo (1993) have attributed the epidemic of anorexia in Western cultures to_____________? a. a generally ascetic frugal lifestyle that can be taken to extremes b. traditional images of women as emotional domesticated and unassertive c. the social construction of mental illness through which normal patterns of behaviour are pathologized d. the new ideal of independent self-assured femininity combined with cultural values of achievement and control
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48) The term vested interests was coined by social economist ? a. William F. Ogburn b. Talcott Parsons c. Auguste Comte d. Thorstein Veblen
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49) Which sociological perspective minimizes change? a. functionalist perspective b. conflict perspective c. interactionist perspective d. each of the above
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50) Which nation(s) has(have) witnessed a significant decline in voter turnout in recent elections ? a. Japan b. Great Britain c. the United States d. all of the above
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51) Deviant is an agent of___________? a. Change b. no change c. neutrality d. None of these
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52) Europeans gave firearms whiskey and small pox to India in exchange of corn potatoes tobacco This is an example of_____________? a. cultural Exchange b. Diffusion c. Imperialism d. None of these
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53) Spread of cultural traits from group to group is called______________? a. Intercultural harmony b. Cultural contacts c. diffusion d. None of these
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54) A new combination or a new use of existing knowledge is termed as______________? a. Invention b. discovery c. Social Change d. None of these
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55) Functionalists accept “Change” as a _____________? a. Function b. Constant c. Change d. None of these
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56) According to Marxian view each stage contained within itself the seeds of_____________? a. progress b. it’s won destruction c. next stage d. both b and c
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57) Auguste Comte described _________________? a. Four stages of social change b. Two stages c. Three stages d. None of these
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58) Changes of relationships are primarily___________________________? a. Individual changes b. Social Change c. Cultural Change d. None of these
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59) Changes in the social structure of a society is called_______________? a. Social Change b. Cultural Change c. Structural Change d. None of these
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60) The Functionalist view on social change sees development and modernization both________________? a. necessary and functional b. slow and adaptive c. responsive but counterproductive d. humanistic and rational e. abnormal and troublesome
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