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1) The cause of freedom is served according to democratic capitalists when__________________? a. everyone has economic security b. everyone has the right to hold private property c. welfare is eliminated d. everyone has the chance to become a millionaire
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2) Democratic socialism is an ideology that______________? a. preaches hatred of the state b. demands total nationalization of the economy c. stresses class struggle d. seeks to provide essential services to all
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3) The democratic state is based on the social contract theories of Locke and Rousseau These theories maintain that ? a. people must obey the rulers at all times b. the rulers govern at the direction of God c. the people allow themselves to be governed for their own good d. a society cannot exist without authoritarian rulers
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4) In theory communism calls for______________? a. abolition of private property b. military expansionism c. the creation of a new ruling class d. intense nationalism
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5) Communism has a history of attracting Third World nations because of the fact that_____________? a. the ideology is static b. the ideology changes to suit conditions c. it has not led to dictatorship d. it promises to give more power to the masses
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6) The history of the world according to Marx could be interpreted through ? a. idealism b. dialectic materialism c. an absence of materialism d. a cyclical theory
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7) The concept of human inequality ? a. is tolerated by religious ideologies b. is incorporated in the ideology of democracy c. underlies fascism d. has been borrowed from the natural sciences
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8) Fascism first emerged ? a. in Germany under the leadership of Adolf Hitler b. in Italy under the leadership of Benito Mussolini c. in Argentina under Juan Peron d. In South Africa under apartheid
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9) Totalitarian regimes_____________? a. control the individual socially and politically b. control only political life c. leave individuals human and civil rights intact d. deal only with economic and foreign policy matters
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10) ideologies may be______________? a. partial b. comprehensive c. abstract d. all of the above
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11) Most ideologies consist of________________? a. a body of doctrines beliefs and symbols b. ideas that have been in existence for centuries c. a set of complex algebraic expressions d. ideas derived exclusively from ancient Greece
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12) Political ideology deals with______________? a. matters of rule selection and principles of rule b. parties c. economics d. none of the above
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13) Ideologies____________? a. direct people to act in a certain way b. never distort the truth c. always abhor fanaticism d. refer to the study of ideas
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14) A number of social commentator’s fear that having become a nation of hyphenated Americans ? a. we may begin to our national identity b. the United States will be divided into a number of smaller nations c. we must keep out all new immigrants d. we will not defend the nation from invasion
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15) When a new nation is formed ? a. older tribal loyalties must be abandoned b. a “we are feeling must emerge among people c. people must acknowledge a common history and a sense of a common future d. all of these
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16) From a sociological viewpoint to say that deviance has functions means that ? a. deviant acts serve the individual,s purpose b. deviant acts are escape valves for anxiety c. deviance may contribute to group cohesion d. successful deviants become stronger people
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17) Deviance is relative because ____________? a. psychologists prefer the term “abnormality” b. moralists prefer the term “immorality” c. the definition of social norms varies by culture and subculture d. no two people agree what deviance is
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18) According to the labeling theory which of the following concepts explains why a labeled individual becomes deviant ? a. Resocialization b. Ethnocentrism c. Self-fulfilling prophecy d. Rebellion
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19) Deviance is defined as________________? a. breaking legal codes b. behavior forbidden by religion c. behavior that passes the limits of what the social group tolerates d. any violation of societal norms
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20) A mother who says “If you hang out with bums you will become a bum” favors which theory of deviance ? a. Differential association b. Anomie c. Labeling theory d. Gang imitation theory
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21) The treatment of mental illness based on rewards and punishment is referred to as_____________? a. chemotherapy b. hypnotherapy c. shock therapy d. behavior therapy
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22) Merton attributed deviance to “anomie” meaning ? a. lack of legitimate means to attain group goals b. mental retardation c. neurosis d. wild mood swings
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23) An emotional disorder that still allows one to work in society is called a(n) ? a. neurosis b. psychosis c. halitosis d. prognosis
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24) Deviance______________? a. shows what is proper behavior b. helps group cohesiveness c. promotes social change d. all of the above
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25) According to the text the following people were/are deviant ? a. Joan of Arc b. Mozart c. The Hell,s Angels d. People with high IQs
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26) An infant,s cries for help_______________? a. signify a weakness in its development b. are instrumental in cementing the mother-infant bonding c. should be ignored or the infant will be spoiled d. are natural in all mammals
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27) The newest challenge to the family,s formerly exclusive claim to the socialization of its children has come from ? a. the peer groups b. the mass media c. the day-care center d. child psychotherapy
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28) Lawrence Kohlberg,s theory of moral development claims______________? a. universal validity b. limited applicability to technologically advanced societies c. the desire for equality is peculiar to democratic nations d. post conventional morality is a luxury few cultures and societies can afford
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29) In Erikson’s system each of the stages present the individual with________________? a. ethical dilemmas b. opportunities for self-transcendence c. crises of self-definition d. all of the above
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30) The term “Neo-Freudian “refers to__________________? a. behavior based on sexual drives b. thinkers prior to Freud who anticipated his ideas c. thinkers opposed to psychoanalysis d. thinkers influenced by Freud who have modified his ideas
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31) The sequence of Freud,s psychosexual stages is_________________? a. anal genital oral phallic and Oedipal b. oral anal phallic Oedipal and latency c. oral Oedipal phallic latency and genital d. oral anal phallic latency and genital
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32) Psychodynamic approaches to personality are so named because _____________? a. they are based on a sophisticated definition of instinct b. they emphasize sexual dysfunction c. they stress the irrational d. all of the above
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33) Mead,s”I” ? a. corresponds to Freud,s”ego” b. emerged before the “me” c. eventually completely merges with the “me” d. all of the above
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34) In the metaphor of the “looking-glass self “the looking glass represents ? a. the expressed judgment of one,s peers b. the imagined judgments of others c. the persons self-feeling such as pride d. all of the above
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35) Adult socialization typically_____________? a. occurs incidentally and unconsciously b. involves acquiring a self-image c. is less effective and easier to resist than childhood socialization d. all of the above
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36) Hunger thirst and the need for sex are________________? a. instincts b. conditioned responses c. biological drives d. stimuli
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37) According to Mead the generalized other is_______________? a. one’s mother b. shame c. societal norms d. analytic internalization
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38) Studies of siblings who shared parents’ social class and everyday experiences have shown that they_____________? a. view the same experiences differently b. arrive at a common view point through discussion c. perceive the same events in the same way d. pretend to disagree when they really agree
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39) The psychodynamic theories of personality are associated with________________? a. Charles Horton Cooley b. Sigmund Freud c. George Herbert Mead d. Jean Piaget
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40) The biological basis of human personality derives from____________________? a. the absence of instincts b. the need for love c. the need for body contact d. all of the above
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41) According Piaget,s developmental theory______________? a. a child of five can learn philosophy b. a child of one can understand social rules c. a child of eight can master addition d. none of the above
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42) A major criticism of Fred,s theory is__________________? a. his overemphasis on early childhood b. his overemphasis on adulthood c. none his theory is widely accepted d. his stress on the spiritual facet of personality
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43) Freudian psychoanalytic theory emphasizes the importance of the______________? a. unconscious level of personality b. conscious level of personality c. the absence of the unconscious level d. empirical level of personality
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44) A child shows her parents how to operate a computer This situation reflects_____________? a. primary socialization b. secondary socialization c. reverse socialization d. tertiary socialization
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45) Recent studies related to daycare centers indicate that_____________? a. children are generally emotionally impaired by them b. children lose intellectual progress c. there is no important loss or gain in intellectual development in well managed centers d. they are a breeding ground of child abuse
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46) Agents of socialization consist of_______________? a. instincts b. genes c. drives d. none of these
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47) Cooley’s Lookingglass self refers to______________________? a. self-regard based on instinct b. a person’s perception as to what others think of him/her c. negative self-image d. positive self-image
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48) An example of unconscious socialization would be____________________? a. child taught to read b. child absorbing parents’ attitudes toward race c. correcting child’s use of worlds d. child taught to use knife and fork
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49) Descriptive statistics_______________? a. permit researchers to generalize from samples b. convey information about central tendency c. allow researchers to test hypotheses d. convey information about atypical behavior
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50) Socialization happens in__________________? a. children b. adults c. persons of all ages d. infants
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